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Human Health and Water

WEBBacteria. These microbes lack a nucleus and have a cell wall composed of a protein sugar molecule. Bacteria average 0.5 to 1 micron in diameter and 4 to 20 microns in length.

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Microbes in Lakes and Streams

WEBMicrobes and Human Health Fresh water is host to numerous microorganisms that affect human health directly. * Polluted drinking water is a major source of illness and death …

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Lake Health, Assessing

WEBLake Health, Assessing. The concept of a lake's health is somewhat easy to relate to humans, because they have an idea of what is healthy and well-functioning for humans …

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Human Health and the Ocean

WEBlong timescales, from decades to centuries. Subsequently, some toxins have been incorporated into aquatic plants and animals. Since the environmental movement …

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Nutrients in Lakes and Streams

WEBNutrients are chemical elements critical to the development of plant and animal life. In healthy lakes and streams, nutrients are needed for the growth of algae that form the …

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Pollution of the Ocean by Sewage, Nutrients, and Chemicals

WEBOne pollutant in the ocean is sewage. Human sewage largely consists of excrement from toilet-flushing; wastewater from bathing, laundry, and dishwashing; and animal and …

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Microbes in the Ocean

WEBThe oceans teem with microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protists. Many of these microbes fundamentally influence the ocean's ability to sustain life on Earth. Some …

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Stream Ecology, Temperature Impacts on

WEBMechanisms of Temperature Change One remarkable habitat where water temperature is a key factor is the hot spring associated with geothermal activity. The beautiful colors seen …

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Stream Health, Assessing

WEBWater-Quality Parameters Measuring water quality is extremely important in determining a stream's health. Water-quality experts have determined what levels of chemicals and …

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Population and Water Resources

WEBAn average per capita figure for all water uses in the United States in 1995 (municipal, industrial, agricultural, etc.) was estimated to be about 1,280 gpcd. The U.S. population …

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Chemicals: Combined Effect on Public Health

WEBAdditive. The combined effect equals the sum of the effects of each chemical alone. (Example: 1 + 1 = 2) Synergistic. The combined effect is larger than the sum of the …

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Safe Drinking Water Act

WEBThe U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act helps ensure a safe drinking-water supply from public water systems, whether small or large. Private wells are not regulated under the Safe …

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Fishes, Cartilaginous

WEBFishes, Cartilaginous. Sharks, rays, and chimaeras or ratfishes make up the cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes), one of the two major groups of fishes. The other major group is …

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Careers in Fresh-Water Ecology

WEBMany aquatic scientists are researchers and also educators, managers, or consultants to decisionmakers. Experts trained in both science and relevant policies are important for …

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Bays, Gulfs, and Straits

WEBBays, Gulfs, and Straits. Bays, gulfs, and straits are types of waterbodies that are contained within a larger body of water near land. These three waterbodies are usually located at …

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Pollution Sources: Point and Nonpoint

WEBPoint Sources Point-source pollutants in surface water and groundwater are usually found in a plume that has the highest concentrations of the pollutant nearest the source (such as …

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Data, Databases, and Decision-Support Systems

WEBDatabases are critical to the successful use of computer-based models that help to identify, compare, and evaluate various impacts of alternative management policies for specific …

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Mineral Waters and Spas

WEBMineral waters are usually classified as alkaline, saline, ferrous, sulfurous, acidulous, or soda, and may be either cold (down to about 4.5°C or 40°F) or hot (up to about 100°C or …

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Microbes in Groundwater

WEBProtozoa typically are much larger than bacteria, and many types in groundwater feed on bacteria. Molds and other fungi also are common in groundwater near the land surface, …

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Ethics and Professionalism

WEBProfessional ethics is an overlooked but critical factor in the successful management of water resources. Situations with ethical concerns require mature and rational value …

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