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Total Probability Rule / Law of Total Probability Theorem

The total probability rule (also called the Law of Total Probability) breaks up probability calculations into distinct parts. It’s used to find the … See more

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SPSS Tutorial (for Beginners): Intro to SPSS

WEBSPSS Tutorial for Beginners Collection. This SPSS tutorial for beginners collection gives you the basic tools to get you started with SPSS in a step-by-step format. You’ll find an …

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Cohen's D: Definition, Examples, Formulas

WEBThe formula for Cohen’s D (for equally sized groups) is: d = (M1 – M2) / spooled. Where: M 1 = mean of group 1. M 2 = mean of group 2. s pooled = pooled standard deviations for …

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Attributable Risk / Attributable Proportion: Definition

WEBAttributable Risk (AR) (sometimes called Attributable Proportion or Attributable Fraction) is a measure of the prevalence of a condition or disease. Given a group of people exposed …

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Monty Hall Problem: Solution Explained Simply

WEBWatch the video for an overview: The Monty Hall problem is a probability puzzle named after Monty Hall, the original host of the TV show Let’s Make a Deal. It’s a famous …

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Conditional Probability: Definition & Real Life Examples

WEBConditional Probability in Real Life. Conditional probability is used in many areas, in fields as diverse as calculus, insurance, and politics.For example, the re-election of a …

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Density Curve Examples

WEBThe area of a rectangle is height x width, so if you multiply the height x width in this case you would get .5 x 1 = .5. Add them together and you get .5 + .5 =1. If we add more bars …

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False Discovery Rate: Simple Definition, Adjusting for FDR

WEBThe false discovery rate formula (Akey, n.d.) is: FDR = E (V/R | R > 0) P (R > 0) Where: V = Number of Type I errors (i.e. false positives) R = Number of rejected hypotheses. In a …

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Confidence Limits: Definition

WEBConfidence limits are a pair of numbers used to describe an estimate or other characteristic of a population. They are the upper and lower boundaries of confidence intervals [1]. …

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Explanatory Variable & Response Variable: Simple Definition and …

WEBAn explanatory variable is a type of independent variable. The two terms are often used interchangeably. But there is a subtle difference between the two. When a variable is …

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Quintile: Definition, Examples in Economics, Health

WEBStatistics Definitions >. A quintile is a 1/5th (20 percent) portion of the whole. In statistics, it’s a population or sample divided into five equal groups, according to values of a particular …

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Misleading Graphs: Real Life Examples

WEBOver an average working lifetime (say, 43 years assuming retirement at age 65), that gives you an income of $45,000 * 43 = $1,935,000. Subtract that expensive college education …

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Correlation Coefficient: Simple Definition, Formula, Easy Steps

WEBStep 8: Click “OK.” The result will appear in the cell you selected in Step 2. For this particular data set, the correlation coefficient(r) is -0.1316. Caution: The results for this …

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Bar Chart / Bar Graph: Examples, Excel Steps & Stacked Graphs

WEBStep 1: Open the file you want to work with in SPSS or type the data into a new worksheet. Step 2: Click “Graphs,” then click “Legacy Dialogs” and then click “Bar” to open the Bar …

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Instrumental Variable: Definition & Overview

WEBAn instrumental variable (sometimes called an “instrument” variable) is a third variable, Z, used in regression analysis when you have endogenous variables —variables that are …

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Adjusted Odds Ratio

WEBAn adjusted odds ratio (AOR) is an odds ratio that controls for other predictor variables in a model. It gives you an idea of the dynamics between the predictors. Multiple regression, …

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Granger Causality: Definition, Running the Test

WEBGranger causality is a way to investigate causality between two variables in a time series. The method is a probabilistic account of causality; it uses empirical data sets to find …

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Lurking Variable: Simple Definition, Examples

WEBA lurking variable is a variable that is unknown and not controlled for; It has an important, significant effect on the variables of interest. They are extraneous variables, but may …

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Dependent Variable: Definition and Examples

WEBDependent Variable Examples. Example 1: A study finds that reading levels are affected by whether a person is born in the U.S. or in a foreign country. The IV is where the person …

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