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Assessing a COVID-19 Vaccination Experiment and Its Results

Let’s look at their plans for the statistical analyses and then we’ll move on to a discussion about the preliminary results and vaccine effectiveness. The statistical hypotheses for this … See more

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Interpreting Correlation Coefficients

WebPearson’s correlation coefficient is represented by the Greek letter rho ( ρ) for the population parameter and r for a sample statistic. This correlation coefficient is a …

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T Test Overview: How to Use & Examples

WebUse a one-sample t test to compare a sample mean to a reference value. It allows you to determine whether the population mean differs from the reference value. The reference …

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Null Hypothesis: Definition, Rejecting & Examples

WebWhen your sample contains sufficient evidence, you can reject the null and conclude that the effect is statistically significant. Statisticians often denote the null …

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Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals

WebThe relationship between the confidence level and the significance level for a hypothesis test is as follows: Confidence level = 1 – Significance level (alpha) For …

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Cross Sectional Study: Overview, Examples & Benefits

WebA cross-sectional study is an experimental design that analyzes data from a representative sample at a specific point in time. Researchers usually evaluate multiple attributes at …

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What is an Observational Study: Definition & Examples

WebObservational Study Definition. In an observational study, the researchers only observe the subjects and do not interfere or try to influence the outcomes. In other words, the …

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Observational Study vs Experiment with Examples

WebFor example, studying the long-term effects of smoking requires an observational approach because we can’t ethically assign people to smoke or abstain from smoking. Cost …

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Relative Risk: Definition, Formula & Interpretation

WebExposure can be a protective factor that reduces the chances of an adverse outcome (such as a vaccine or education program) or a risk factor that increases its likelihood (such as a …

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Case Control Study: Definition, Benefits & Examples

WebA case control study is a retrospective, observational study that compares two existing groups. Researchers form these groups based on the existence of a condition in the …

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Risk Calculations: Relative vs Absolute & Risk Reduction

WebRelative Risk (RR) Relative risk (RR) is a ratio of the absolute risks for two groups. It tells us how the chances in one group relates to those in another. This statistic helps you …

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Hazard Ratio: Interpretation & Definition

WebA hazard rate is the limit of the ratio of events in an interval to the group size divided by the length of time. The hazard rate formula finds the rate for time intervals approaching zero, …

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Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Overview

WebA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a prospective experimental design that randomly assigns participants to an experimental or control group. RCTs are the gold standard for …

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Experimental Design: Definition and Types

WebAn experimental design is a detailed plan for collecting and using data to identify causal relationships. Through careful planning, the design of experiments allows your data …

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Mean, Median, and Mode: Measures of Central Tendency

WebThe mode is the value that occurs the most frequently in your data set, making it a different type of measure of central tendency than the mean or median. To …

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Practical vs. Statistical Significance

WebSize matters! While statistical significance relates to whether an effect exists, practical significance refers to the magnitude of the effect. However, no statistical test can tell you …

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Scatterplots: Using, Examples, and Interpreting

WebUse scatterplots to show relationships between pairs of continuous variables. These graphs display symbols at the X, Y coordinates of the data points for the paired variables. …

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Odds Ratio: Formula, Calculating & Interpreting

WebTo calculate the odds ratio, you take the number of exposures and divide it by the non-exposures for both the case and control groups. Case-control studies use this …

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Representative Sample: Definition, Uses & Methods

WebGenerally speaking, a representative sample proportionally reflects the attributes of a population. The demographic characteristics of the individuals in the sample must be …

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